Voron Belted Z Mod — Increase Your V0.2 Build Volume to 150mm³

Mod V0.2 升级

The Belted Z mod is one of the most impactful upgrades you can make to a Voron V0.2 or V2.4. It replaces the traditional leadscrew-driven Z axis with a belt-driven system, eliminating common Z artifacts, increasing build height on the V0.2, and simplifying the entire Z drive mechanism. This guide covers everything: what Belted Z is, why you'd want it, the full parts list, step-by-step assembly, Klipper configuration, calibration, and a frank comparison of pros and cons. 最后更新：2025年5月。

Belted Z 改装最初由 Voron 社区开发，旨在解决丝杠驱动 Z 轴的局限性，经过多次设计迭代已趋于成熟。对于 V0.2，它几乎是必备的——它解锁了原装丝杠物理上无法提供的额外 Z 轴高度。对于 V2.4，它是一项可选优化，可提升高打印件的质量。我们将在此涵盖这两种使用场景。

什么是 Belted Z — 及其工作原理

在原装 Voron V0.2 中，Z 轴使用单个丝杠，通过柔性轴联轴器由 NEMA14 步进电机驱动。丝杠旋入安装在热床滑架上的黄铜螺母，将旋转运动转化为垂直运动。这简单可靠，但存在固有局限性：丝杠缺陷（弯曲、螺距误差、偏心）会直接导致打印件上的 Z 轴条纹，且丝杠的物理长度限制了最大 Z 轴行程。

Belted Z 完全取代了丝杠。取而代之的是，一根 GT2 同步带将 Z 轴电机（重新定位到底部框架型材）连接到升降热床的滑轮系统。电机驱动一个固定在热床滑架上的皮带环——当电机转动时，皮带拉动滑架上下移动。这在机械上与 Voron 的 X 轴和 Y 轴工作原理相同：皮带驱动的直线运动。

关键洞察：皮带没有丝杠伪影。没有旋转的螺纹杆会被弯曲或偏心。皮带运动本质上比丝杠运动更平滑，因为皮带齿与滑轮齿以连续滚动接触而非滑动摩擦啮合。权衡之处在于皮带具有一定柔顺性（负载下拉伸），这是丝杠所不具备的，但在实践中，这对Z轴运动的影响可忽略不计。

相比传统丝杠 Z 轴的优势

• 无丝杠伪影： Bent or eccentric leadscrews produce visible horizontal banding on prints, especially on tall cylindrical parts. Belted Z completely eliminates this source of artifacts. If you've ever printed a calibration cube and seen lines at regular intervals matching the leadscrew pitch, you know the problem.
• 无Z轴摆动（No Z wobble） A bent leadscrew causes the bed to wobble slightly at the rotation frequency of the screw. On tall prints, this wobble creates a periodic wave on the surface (often called "leadscrew ghosting"). Belted Z has no rotational wobble because the belt doesn't rotate — it translates linearly.
• 更平滑的Z轴运动（Smoother Z travel） Belt drives have lower friction and no stick-slip effect (the static-to-dynamic friction transition that causes micro-stuttering in leadscrew/nut interfaces). Z hops, bed meshing, and layer changes are faster and quieter.
• 更易构建与维护（Easier to build and maintain） No leadscrew alignment required, no flexible coupler to tighten, no Z nut to lubricate. The belt system is simpler to install and requires less ongoing maintenance than a leadscrew.
• 运行更安静（Quieter operation） Belt drives are inherently quieter than leadscrews. The difference is noticeable: a Belted Z V0.2 at 10mm/s Z travel is significantly quieter than a stock leadscrew V0.2 at the same speed.

Voron V0.2 的 Belted Z 改装 — 增加构建体积

V0.2的原始构建体积在Z轴方向为120mm。这受限于原始丝杠长度和位于Z型材顶部的电机位置。Belted Z改装将Z电机重新定位到底部，释放了整个型材长度用于行程。通过Belted Z改装，V0.2可实现150mm甚至160mm的Z轴行程——构建高度增加25-33%。

这是在V0.2上安装Belted Z最令人信服的理由。额外的30mm Z轴高度改变了你能打印的物品：从小型装饰件和小饰品到功能性打印件，如键盘外壳、树莓派外壳、无人机框架和紧凑型外壳。结合可拆卸的顶帽改装，一些V0.2构建可达到170mm以上的Z轴行程。

该改装还简化了电机放置。原始V0.2的Z电机尴尬地安装在左后Z型材顶部，丝杠向下穿过框架内部。Belted Z将电机移到底部，更易触及、温度更低（远离热腔顶部），且不会突出框架上方——使构建顶帽或外壳扩展更容易。

Voron V2.4 的 Belted Z 改装 — 更平滑的高打印件

V2.4使用四个丝杠（每个Z角一个），由四个独立步进电机驱动，并配备Z倾斜校正系统。虽然这提供了出色的床面调平和刚性支撑，但丝杠伪影仍然存在——尤其是在非常高的打印件（250mm以上）上。每个丝杠可能有自己的偏心度和螺距误差，而Z倾斜校正只能补偿粗略的调平误差，无法补偿每转的丝杠伪影。

V2.4上的Belted Z用皮带系统替换了所有四个丝杠（通常由两个电机驱动的两条皮带，或由一个电机通过皮带同步装置驱动的单条皮带）。结果：在高的圆柱形打印件上没有丝杠条纹，重型V2.4龙门架的Z轴行程更平滑，运行更安静。V2.4 Belted Z改装不如V0.2版本常见，但打印高花瓶、机械零件或建筑模型的用户报告表面明显更干净。

一个考虑因素：V2.4的床面比V0.2重得多，因此皮带系统需要处理更高的静态和动态负载。大多数V2.4 Belted Z设计使用更宽的皮带（6mm或9mm GT2）和更强的电机（NEMA17 48mm）。在重型V2.4床面上，齿隙（皮带松弛）更令人担忧，需要仔细张紧，在某些设计中，还需要配重或气弹簧辅助Z轴升降。

所需零件

打印件

• 改进的龙门架/X轴滑车支架（Modified gantry / X carriage mounts） The parts that connect the belt to the bed carriage. For V0.2, these replace the brass nut mount on the bed carriage. For V2.4, they replace the leadscrew nut mounts on the four bed corners.
• Z轴电机支架（Z motor mounts） Brackets that hold the NEMA14 (V0.2) or NEMA17 (V2.4) motor at the bottom of the Z extrusion. These must be printed in ABS or ASA — do not use PLA as chamber temperatures will soften it.
• 惰轮支架（Idler pulley mounts） Brackets at the top of the Z extrusion that guide the belt return path. Usually includes the 20-tooth GT2 idler pulley.
• 张紧块（Tensioner block） A sliding block with a captive M3 screw used to tension the Z belt. Similar to the X/Y belt tensioners on the V0.2.
• 线缆导向器（Cable guide） Optional but recommended — keeps the Z motor wires organized along the extrusion.

使用ABS或ASA以0.2mm层高、4个外围、40%填充打印所有部件。电机支架和张紧器块承受最高的机械负载——对这些部件使用5个外围和50%填充。如果方向正确，大多数Belted Z设计不需要支撑。STL文件可在Voron用户改装GitHub上获取（搜索"V0.2 Belted Z"或"V2.4 Belted Z"）。

所需硬件（V0.2 版本）

• 2个F623-2RS法兰轴承（用于Z轴型材顶部的惰轮）
• 1条GT2同步带，6mm宽，360-400mm闭环（预先测量框架；确切长度取决于构建及是否使用顶盖）
• 2x GT2 同步轮，20齿，5mm孔径（一个用于电机轴，一个作为惰轮）
• 1x NEMA14 步进电机（与 V0.2 原装 Z 轴电机相同，或升级为 36-40mm 长度以增加保持扭矩）
• M3 x 8mm、12mm、16mm、20mm BHCS 和 SHCS 螺丝（数量：约 20-30 颗，视设计而定）
• M3 热压螺母（数量：约 8-12 个）
• M3 x 20mm 紧定螺丝或肩螺丝（用于张紧器）
• 2x M3 螺母（用于皮带锚点）
• 可选：1x M5 x 30mm 螺丝 + M5 螺母（用于张紧器块，如果设计使用 M5）

组装步骤详解

步骤 1：拆除原装 Z 轴驱动

在V0.2上，从左后Z型材顶部的支架上拆下Z电机。断开电机线。拆下柔性联轴器和丝杠。从床面托架上拧下黄铜螺母。在V2.4上，对所有四个角重复此操作。将原始硬件放在标记袋中，以备日后恢复。

步骤 2：安装电机支架

将NEMA14电机安装到Z型材底部的打印电机支架上。使用M3x8mm螺丝穿过电机法兰进入打印支架中的热熔嵌件。电机轴应指向上方。对于V0.2，电机安装在左后Z型材上。将电机线向下布线并从打印机底部引出——它们不应干扰床面向下行程。

步骤 3：安装顶部惰轮

将F623-2RS法兰轴承安装在Z型材顶部的惰轮支架中。使用M3x16mm螺丝穿过轴承中心固定。法兰应朝外以引导皮带。对于V0.2，这位于与电机支架相同的型材顶部，直接在电机上方。皮带路径为：电机滑轮 -> 向上到顶部惰轮 -> 向下到床面托架锚点 -> 回到张紧器 -> 向下到电机滑轮。

步骤 4：安装皮带

将GT2皮带环绕电机滑轮和顶部惰轮。将皮带穿过床面托架皮带锚点。皮带应形成闭环，床面托架连接到皮带环的一侧。大多数设计在托架一侧使用"固定锚点"，另一侧使用张紧器。暂时不要张紧皮带——保持松弛。

步骤 5：将皮带固定到滑架上

将皮带末端插入床面托架上的打印皮带锚块中。使用M3螺丝和螺母夹紧皮带。皮带齿应与打印部件中的匹配特征（齿形夹紧表面）啮合。确保皮带方向正确，齿朝向夹紧表面。均匀拧紧两个锚点。

步骤 6：张紧 Z 轴皮带

调整张紧器螺丝以对皮带施加张力。目标张力为30-40 Hz，使用智能手机频率分析仪应用（如"Gates Carbon Drive Tension"或任何吉他调音器应用）测量。像弹吉他弦一样拨动皮带，调整直到基频读数为30-40 Hz。对于较轻的V0.2床面，目标为30-35 Hz。对于较重的V2.4床面，目标为35-40 Hz。太松：皮带松弛导致Z轴条纹，第一层一致性差。太紧：电机负载增加，轴承磨损，可能皮带跳齿。

A note on tensioning: the Z belt is much shorter than the X or Y belts, so the frequency will be higher for the same tension. A 35 Hz Z belt is normal. Use the FORCE_MOVE command in Klipper to move the Z axis up and down a few times, then re-check the tension — the belt may seat into the pulley teeth and loosen slightly.

Klipper 配置

The primary configuration change for Belted Z is the rotational_distance parameter. With a leadscrew, this is the leadscrew pitch (e.g., 4mm for a standard V0.2 leadscrew). With a belt drive, it's calculated from the motor pulley tooth count and belt pitch.

[stepper_z]
step_pin: Z_STEP
dir_pin: Z_DIR
enable_pin: !Z_EN
microsteps: 16
rotation_distance: 40         ; 20-tooth pulley * 2mm GT2 belt pitch = 40mm
full_steps_per_rotation: 200  ; Standard NEMA14/NEMA17
endstop_pin: ^!Z_STOP         ; Your Z endstop pin (unchanged)
position_endstop: 0.0
position_max 150             ; Updated for increased Z height on V0.2
position_min: -5              ; Allow slightly negative for probe calibration
    

rotation_distance = pulley tooth count x belt pitch. For a 20-tooth GT2 pulley (2mm pitch): 20 x 2 = 40mm. If you use a 16-tooth pulley: 16 x 2 = 32mm. Verify this is correct by commanding a 100mm Z move and measuring the actual travel with a caliper.

position_max: Set this to your new maximum Z height. For a V0.2 Belted Z, this is typically 150-160mm. Measure physically: home Z, raise to the maximum safe position (before the bed carriage contacts the top of the frame), and record the height. Add 2-3mm of safety margin.

Z轴限位开关（Z endstop） The Belted Z mod does not change your Z endstop wiring. If you use a probe (Tap, Klicky, inductive), the endstop pin mapping and virtual endstop configuration remain the same as stock. If you use a physical Z endstop switch on the frame, verify it triggers at the correct height with the new belt travel.

校准

Z 轴步进/旋转距离验证

After configuring rotation_distance, verify accuracy: home Z, then use FORCE_MOVE Z=100 SPEED=5 to move 100mm. Measure the actual movement with digital calipers (measure from the bed surface to a fixed reference point on the gantry). If it's not exactly 100mm, adjust rotation_distance proportionally: new rotation_distance = old value x (actual mm / 100mm). Repeat until accuracy is within 0.05mm over 100mm.

Z 轴皮带张力均衡

对于V2.4 Belted Z构建（多条皮带），每条皮带必须具有相等张力，以防止床面在负载下倾斜。使用上述频率方法将每条皮带调整到彼此相差1-2 Hz以内。张紧后，移动Z轴通过其全程并重新检查——皮带可能以不同方式稳定。

首层和热床网格

Run a full bed mesh after the Belted Z installation. The belt drive may introduce a different bed tram pattern than the leadscrew system. Use BED_MESH_CALIBRATE and visually inspect the mesh for unusual peaks or valleys. If the mesh shows a consistent tilt, run Z_TILT_ADJUST (V2.4) or SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE (V0.2) to re-level the bed. Run a single-layer test print (100x100mm square, 0.2mm height) and verify uniform extrusion across the full bed.

Belted Z 与 Tri-Z 对比

Tri-Z改装是Belted Z的替代方案，使用三条独立皮带（对于三角形床面的Voron如Trident，每个Z角一条）或在V2.4的四角床面上使用三条皮带。Tri-Z提供每个角的独立Z控制，消除了机械Z倾斜调整的需要——每个电机只需命令到正确高度。

• 皮带驱动Z轴（Belted Z） Single belt (V0.2) or dual belt (V2.4) with mechanical synchronization. Simpler electronics (fewer stepper drivers). Lower cost. Easier to configure (no per-motor Z tilt calibration). However, the belts are mechanically coupled — any tension imbalance translates to bed tilt that must be corrected mechanically.
• 三Z轴（Tri-Z） Independent belt per corner with individual stepper motors. More complex electronics (requires additional stepper drivers on the mainboard). More expensive (additional motors, drivers, wiring). More configurable (Z_TILT_ADJUST compensates for any mechanical misalignment digitally). Better for extremely precise leveling on large printers.

对于V0.2，Belted Z是明确赢家——更简单、更便宜，且单床面设计不受益于多电机Z。对于V2.4，Tri-Z以更高成本和复杂性提供更精确的调平。大多数V2.4用户对Belted Z满意；Tri-Z适合追求高打印件上绝对最佳Z精度的用户。

优缺点总结

Pros

• 完全消除丝杠带状纹路伪影
• 将 V0.2 Z 轴高度增加 25-33%（120mm -> 150mm+）
• 更平滑、更安静的 Z 轴运动
• 构建时机械对齐更简单
• 无需丝杠润滑
• 比 V0.2 更换丝杠的零件数量和成本更低

Cons

• 回差（Backlash） Belts have some slack (backlash) that leadscrews do not. On Z, backlash means the bed may drop slightly when the motor direction reverses (e.g., during Z hop). In practice, this is minimal on well-tensioned belts (under 0.01mm at 35 Hz tension). However, if you print parts that require precise Z reversal (like threads or overhangs with Z hop), the backlash can be noticeable.
• 负载下定位保持能力较弱（Less position holding under load） A leadscrew is self-locking — when the motor stops, the thread friction prevents the nut from moving. A belt is not self-locking; the bed is held in position solely by the motor's holding torque and the belt tension. If the motor loses power, the bed can drop. This is a safety consideration: ensure your printer has power-loss recovery and consider adding a mechanical brake or counterweight if you print very heavy parts (500g+).
• 皮带随时间拉伸（Belt stretch over time） GT2 belts can stretch slowly with use, changing the Z calibration. Re-check Z belt tension every 3-6 months. Leadscrews don't stretch.
• 需打印零件（Requires printed parts） You must print the Belted Z parts in ABS/ASA before you can install the mod. If you only have one printer and it's your V0.2, you'll need to commission prints from someone else or use a filament that can survive chamber temperatures.

总体而言，对大多数用户来说，优点远大于缺点。齿隙担忧被夸大——在适当皮带张力下，Z齿隙低于影响打印质量的阈值。位置保持问题仅对非常重的打印件或频繁断电的打印机重要。特别是对于V0.2，Belted Z改装具有变革性且强烈推荐。