Voron Calibration Guide — From Build to Perfect Prints
校准 Tutorial Klipper 15 分钟阅读
You've finished your Voron build. All the screws are tight, the wiring is tidy, and Klipper boots up without errors. Now comes the most important phase: calibration. This guide takes you through every calibration step — from squaring the frame to perfecting your first layer — so your Voron prints at its full potential. 最后更新:2025年5月。
前置条件: This guide assumes you've completed the mechanical build and have Klipper installed with basic connectivity. If you haven't set up Klipper yet, see our Klipper setup guide first.
1. 机械检查 — 通电前的准备
最重要的校准发生在加热热床之前。机械状态良好的打印机校准迅速;松散的打印机则步步受阻。
框架方正度
使用机械直角尺(或纸张边角)检查框架每个角落。所有 2020 型材应精确呈 90°。若框架不方正,松开角件螺栓,调整后重新拧紧。在 V2.4 上,通过测量对角线检查上下框架是否平行——两者差值应在 0.5mm 以内。
专业提示: Place your frame on a flat surface (glass table or granite countertop) during assembly. If the frame rocks, you have a twist that needs correcting.
龙门架倾斜 (V2.4)
V2.4 用户:您的飞行龙门架必须与框架完全平行。断开 Z 皮带后,将龙门架移至中部高度,测量龙门架型材到顶部框架两侧的距离。差值应 < 0.5mm。若一侧偏高,调整 Z 皮带张力或检查 Z 丝杆在 Z 电机座上方长度是否一致。
龙门架下垂 (Trident 和 V2.4)
龙门架处于中部高度时,将精密直尺(或直尺边缘)横跨龙门架型材靠近 X 导轨安装处。检查间隙。Trident 用户拥有三 Z 自动调平优势——但启用该功能前仍需机械调平龙门架。
2. 皮带张力 — 影响最大的调谐
皮带张力对打印质量的影响远超其他机械调整。过松 → 重影和振纹。过紧 → 轴承噪音、寿命缩短及可能丢步。
使用张力计(推荐)
Target: 2-3 N/cm for all Voron models. A Gates Sonic Tension Meter or the Klipper
BELT_TENSION_GAUGE macro (if you have an ADXL345 on the toolhead) gives precise readings.
Pluck the belt like a guitar string at the middle of its longest span. The frequency should be
approximately:
- V0.2 X/Y 皮带: ~110-130 Hz (using a phone app like "GuitarTuna" in Hz mode)
- Trident X/Y 皮带: ~90-110 Hz
- V2.4 X/Y 皮带: ~80-100 Hz
若无张力计,“拨动测试”是可靠近似法:皮带应发出低沉贝斯音——类似大提琴最低弦,而非吉他。若听起来像橡皮筋,则过松;若像小提琴弦,则过紧。
皮带张力步骤
- Run the
G28command to home the printer - 将工具头移至打印平台中心
- 松开惰轮上的皮带张力螺丝
- 拉动皮带末端达到目标张力,然后重新拧紧
- 检查每个轴两侧张力是否相等——如果一侧更紧,龙门架会倾斜
- 再次归零并重新检查——皮带张力有时会在首次归零循环后发生变化
3. Z 轴丝杆对齐
在多 Z 打印机(Trident 3 Z,V2.4 4 Z)上,丝杆不对中会导致特定高度 Z 轴卡滞。以 10mm/s 速度全程移动 Z 轴测试——倾听咔嗒声、摩擦声或电机电流异常声。
- Trident: Run
Z_TILT_ADJUSTto auto-level the Z gantry. Then manually verify by moving Z from 0 to max and back. If binding occurs, loosen the leadscrew coupling, re-centre the nut block, and retighten. - V2.4: The four Z motors must be individually levelled before
QUAD_GANTRY_LEVELwill work properly. Use paper feeler gauges under each corner with the gantry resting on Z endstops — all four corners should have identical resistance when the paper is pulled.
4. Klipper 固件校准
以下所有步骤通过 Mainsail、Fluidd 或 Moonraker 在 Klipper 终端执行。
旋转距离
旋转距离告诉 Klipper 步进电机每转一圈轴移动的距离。公式为:
rotation_distance = <每转步数> × <微步数> × <皮带齿距> × <同步轮齿数>
For a standard Voron with 200 step/rev motors, 16× microstepping, 2mm GT2 belts, and a 20-tooth pulley:
rotation_distance = 200 × 16 × 2 × 20 = 40mm
若实测移动距离与指令不符,按比例调整 rotation_distance:
new_rotation_distance = current_rotation_distance × (commanded_distance / measured_distance)
To measure: mark a point on the gantry, command 100mm of movement (G91 then G1 X100 F600),
measure the actual distance with calipers, and apply the formula.
PID 自动调谐
PID 调谐校准您的热端和热床加热控制器。分别运行:
Hotend: PID_CALIBRATE HEATER=extruder TARGET=245 (or your printing temperature for ABS/ASA)
Bed: PID_CALIBRATE HEATER=heater_bed TARGET=100 (typical ABS bed temperature)
The process takes 5-10 minutes per heater. It cycles the heater on and off while measuring temperature
response, then calculates optimal P, I, and D values. After completion, run SAVE_CONFIG to
store the values in your printer.cfg.
重要: If your bed PID tune fails or produces unstable temperature control, check that your SSR (solid-state relay) is functioning and your bed wiring can handle the full current draw. Many Vorons need a 30-minute warm-up before PID tuning to reach thermal equilibrium.
Input Shaper — VFA 与振纹校准
输入整形是 Klipper 对抗高速振纹(重影)的秘密武器。它测量打印机的自然共振频率,并过滤运动以抵消它们。
使用 ADXL345 加速度计(最佳方法):
- 将 ADXL345 安装在工具头上(或使用 Manta M8P 等板载加速度计)
- Run
ACCELEROMETER_QUERYto verify the sensor is detected - Run
MEASURE_AXES_NOISEto check the noise floor - Run
SHAPER_CALIBRATE— this performs a frequency sweep on X and Y axes - Klipper 将为每个轴推荐最佳 shaper 类型(如 ei、2hump_ei、3hump_ei、mzv)和频率
- Run
SAVE_CONFIGto apply the recommended settings
无 ADXL345(手动方法):
- Print a ringing test tower (download from Klipper docs)
- 检查打印件上的 ringing — 测量重影图案的频率
- Enter the measured frequency into your config manually under
[input_shaper] - Test different shaper types (start with
mzvfor smooth prints,eifor maximum smoothing)
整形校准后的推荐加速度:
- V0.2: 8,000-12,000 mm/s² (scREWY small frame is very stiff)
- Trident: 5,000-8,000 mm/s² (250mm frame, good rigidity)
- V2.4: 4,000-6,000 mm/s² (larger frame needs lower accelerations)
这些为起始值。实际最大加速度取决于框架刚性、皮带张力和组件质量。通过打印高速小船并逐步增加加速度直至质量下降来测试。
Pressure Advance — 耗材流量控制
压力提前 补偿喷嘴中熔融细丝的弹性。没有它,角落会出现凸块,回抽后则出现挤出不足。
方法1:塔形测试(最简单)
- Download the pressure advance tower from Klipper docs
- Slice with variable pressure advance (add
SET_PRESSURE_ADVANCE ADVANCE=0at layer 1, incrementing by 0.005 per layer) - 打印塔 — 寻找角落凸起消失但挤出保持一致的层
- 将您的 pressure advance 设置为该层的值
方法2:线条测试(更精确)
- Run the Klipper command:
TUNING_TOWER COMMAND=SET_PRESSURE_ADVANCE PARAMETER=ADVANCE START=0 FACTOR=0.005 - 打印一个单壁立方体(花瓶模式,无填充)
- 在不同高度测量壁厚 — 壁厚应保持一致
- 调整您的 pressure advance 值,直到壁厚变化小于 0.02mm
典型 pressure advance 值:
- 标准 V6 或 Dragon 热端:0.04-0.08
- 高流量热端(Rapido、Revo Voron):0.02-0.06
- 直接驱动挤出机(LGX、Sherpa Mini):0.03-0.07
- Bowden 挤出机:0.06-0.12(但 Voron 使用直接驱动)
5. 热床网格校准
完美的第一层需要精确了解热床的平整度并补偿任何偏差。
螺钉倾斜调整 — 虚拟 Z 限位调平
无需用纸张手动调平热床(虽然仍可这样做),请使用 Klipper 的 screw tilt adjust 功能:
- Add a
[screws_tilt_adjust]section to yourprinter.cfgwith the coordinates of your bed levelling screws - Run
SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE— Klipper will tell you exactly how many turns each screw needs - 调整每个螺丝,再次运行命令,重复直到所有螺丝显示偏差 < 0.05mm
This automates the tedious paper method. For Trident and V2.4 owners, this step is partially handled by
Z_TILT_ADJUST or QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL, but screw tilt adjust gives you finer
manual control of the bed itself.
热床网格
- 确保您的热床处于打印温度(ABS 为 100°C)— 热床在加热时会轻微变形
- Run
BED_MESH_CALIBRATE(热床网格校准)with an appropriate grid size (5×5 for V0.2, 7×7 for Trident/V2.4) - Klipper 将在每个网格点探测热床并构建补偿图
- Run
BED_MESH_OUTPUT PGP=1to visualise the mesh — deviations under 0.2mm are excellent - Add
BED_MESH_PROFILE SAVE=defaultto save the profile - Add
BED_MESH_PROFILE LOAD=defaultto yourPRINT_STARTmacro
如果热床网格显示偏差超过 0.4mm,热床可能变形或框架可能不方正。在尝试通过网格补偿大误差前,请检查框架方正度——机械修复始终优于软件补偿。
6. 挤出机校准
精确的挤出确保尺寸精度和一致的层间粘附。
旋转距离 (E-Steps)
- 在挤出机入口上方 120mm 处标记耗材
- Command
G1 E100 F60to extrude 100mm - 测量剩余距离——从入口到标记处应为 20mm
- 若测量值有偏差,使用与轴旋转距离相同的公式进行调整
流量率 (挤出倍率)
- Print a 20mm 校准立方体 with 100% infill and 2 walls
- 用卡尺测量壁厚——应等于喷嘴直径 × 层数
- 若使用 0.4mm 喷嘴和 2 层壁厚测得 0.88mm(预期 0.80mm),则流量为 0.88/0.80 = 1.10(110%)
- Adjust
extrusion_multiplierin your slicer profile
7. 第一层调谐
第一层是每次成功打印的基础。请在此步骤上花时间。
- 将热床加热至 100°C,热端加热至 245°C(ABS/ASA)
- 在干净的 PEI 板上涂抹薄层胶棒或发胶
- Run
PROBE_CALIBRATE(探针校准)to set your Z轴偏移 — use the paper method: the nozzle should grip a piece of paper with slight resistance - 打印首层测试图案(100mm 正方形,单层高度,带裙边)
- 观察挤出效果:若线条圆润分离,降低 Z 轴 0.02mm;若线条透明粗糙,升高 Z 轴 0.02mm
- 完美首层应线条轻微压合、无间隙、表面光滑哑光
Live Z 调整: During the first layer test, use SET_GCODE_OFFSET Z_ADJUST=0.01
to fine-tune without restarting. Increments of 0.01mm make visible differences on Voron printers.
8. 最终验证打印
所有校准完成后,打印一套完整测试件:
- 20mm calibration cube — check dimensional accuracy (should be 20.00 ± 0.10mm in X, Y, Z)
- Benchy — check overhangs, bridging, stringing, and surface finish
- 多功能校准打印 — tests retraction, temperature tower, flow rate
如果校准立方体在 X 和 Y 方向测量为 20mm 但 Z 方向不符,请调整 Z 轴旋转距离。如果 X 和 Y 不匹配,请调整各自的旋转距离或检查皮带张力。如果所有尺寸偏差百分比相同,请调整流量(挤出倍率)。
常见校准问题排查
即使做了热床网格,我的第一层仍然很差
Check that you're loading the bed mesh profile in your PRINT_START macro. Verify the mesh visually with BED_MESH_OUTPUT PGP=1. If the mesh shows a consistent slope, your gantry may be tilted — run Z_TILT_ADJUST (Trident) or QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL (V2.4) before the bed mesh.
输入整形 没有帮助
确保以足够高的加速度运行以使振纹出现。Input shaper 在振纹发生的加速度下最有效地消除振动。如果在 V0.2 上以 3,000 mm/s² 打印,可能完全看不到振纹——尝试增加到 8,000 mm/s² 并重新测试。
Pressure advance 让情况更糟
降低 pressure advance 值。从 0 开始,以 0.01 递增,直到角落凸块消失。如果使用高流量热端,请从较低值开始。同时验证挤出机旋转距离是否准确——PA 依赖于精确的挤出测量。
PID 调谐失败或超时
Increase the max_power parameter in your heater config if the bed can't reach temperature. Make sure your SSR is wired correctly and the bed heater is the correct voltage for your region. A 120V bed heater on 240V will overheat; a 240V heater on 120V won't reach temperature.
校准快速参考卡
| Step | Klipper 命令 | 目标值 |
|---|---|---|
| PID 热端 | PID_CALIBRATE HEATER=extruder TARGET=245 |
稳定在 ±0.5°C |
| PID 热床 | PID_CALIBRATE HEATER=heater_bed TARGET=100 |
稳定在 ±1°C |
| Input shaper | SHAPER_CALIBRATE |
自动检测频率与整形器 |
| Pressure advance | TUNING_TOWER(调谐塔) |
0.02-0.08(因hotend而异) |
| Bed mesh(热床网格) | BED_MESH_CALIBRATE |
偏差 < 0.2mm |
| 皮带张力 | 手动/张力计 | 2-3 N/cm(80-130 Hz) |
| Z offset | PROBE_CALIBRATE |
纸张拖拽感 |