Voron Stringing and Oozing — Complete Retraction Tuning Guide

故障排查 校准 Printing

拉丝与渗料是 3D 打印中最令人沮丧的瑕疵之一。那些连接打印件不同部分的细丝状粘性塑料，或在移动开始时形成的凸起，会毁掉原本完美的打印件。好消息是，在 Voron 上，您可以完全控制导致这些问题的每个参数。本指南将带您逐步诊断并消除 Voron 打印机上的拉丝与渗料问题。

最后更新：2025年5月。 We cover retraction distance and speed, temperature tuning, filament drying, hotend-specific settings, wipe and coast configurations, travel speed optimization, and G-code tweaks. All recommendations are tested on Voron V2.4, Trident, and V0.2 platforms with Stealthburner, Afterburner, and MiniSB toolheads.

拉丝与渗料的成因是什么？

拉丝与渗料有四个主要原因。了解哪个因素影响您的打印件是解决问题的第一步：

• 喷嘴温度过高： Molten filament is less viscous at higher temperatures. If the nozzle is hotter than necessary, filament continues to flow out even when the extruder is not actively pushing. The solution is a temperature tower to find the minimum bonding temperature for your filament.
• 回抽距离过低或速度过慢： When the print head moves from one part of the model to another, the extruder needs to pull filament back into the nozzle to relieve pressure. If this retraction is insufficient, filament oozes out during travel moves, leaving strings. This is the most common cause of stringing after high temperature.
• 耗材潮湿： Wet filament is the great masquerader of 3D printing issues. Moisture absorbed by the filament turns to steam in the hotend, expanding and pushing molten material out of the nozzle unpredictably. Wet filament will string even with perfect retraction settings. Always dry your filament before tuning retraction.
• 移动速度过慢： Slow travel moves give oozing filament more time to form a string between two points. Faster travel moves (200 mm/s or more) reduce this time window dramatically.

耗材干燥 — 第一步

在更改任何回抽设置之前，请先干燥耗材。即使是出厂全新的耗材，也可能含有 0.2-0.5% 的水分，足以导致明显的拉丝。对于在潮湿环境中运输或未使用干燥剂存储的耗材尤其如此。

使用专用耗材干燥箱（如 Sunlu S2 或 Creality Space Pi）或 Voron 的热床。如果使用热床，将料盘放在床上并用纸板箱覆盖以实现均匀散热。Voron 的 110°C 热床设置为 65°C（用于 ABS）即可完美干燥。

温度塔 — 找到最佳打印温度

较低的喷嘴温度会产生更粘稠、流动性更差的熔融耗材，从而减少渗料。但温度过低会导致层间粘合力差和部件强度不足。温度塔可帮助找到既能保证强度又能良好粘合的最低温度。

如何在你的Voron上运行温度塔：

• Use Orca 切片软件's built-in calibration tools (Calibration → Temperature tower). It generates a G-code file that changes temperature at specific layer heights.
• 使用目标耗材打印温度塔。使用0.4mm喷嘴、标准速度配置（80-150 mm/s）和保守回抽（直接驱动为1.0mm，40 mm/s）。
• 检查每个温度段的拉丝、溢料、表面质量和层间粘合情况。

Voron上常见耗材的典型温度范围：

• PLA：190-220°C。从220°C开始，以5°C递减。大多数PLA在195-205°C下打印干净，拉丝最少。
• ABS：230-260°C。从255°C开始递减。ABS比PETG更不易拉丝，但较低温度能减少可见效果。
• PETG：230-260°C。PETG是最容易拉丝的常见材料。较低温度能极大改善。许多PETG在235-245°C下打印效果最佳。
• TPU：210-240°C。较低温度减少拉丝，但会增加挤出压力，可能导致低扭矩挤出机出现跳步。

“调校拉丝时，务必先做温度塔。优化温度可在您触碰回抽设置前减少 80% 或更多的拉丝。回抽调校仅用于解决最后 20% 的问题。”

回抽调校 — 距离与速度

回抽是防止移动过程中渗料的主要工具。当挤出机回抽（将耗材向后拉）时，会在熔融区产生负压，将熔化的耗材吸回喷嘴。关键参数是回抽距离（耗材被拉回的长度）和回抽速度（拉回的速度）。

直接驱动回抽（CW2、Orbiter、Galileo 2、Sherpa Mini）

直接驱动挤出机安装在靠近热端的位置 — 通常耗材路径在 30-50mm 以内。由于挤出机齿轮与熔融区之间的距离非常短，因此只需较小的回抽距离：

• 回抽距离： 0.5-1.5mm
• 回抽速度： 30-50 mm/s
• 回抽恢复速度： 20-40 mm/s (the speed at which filament is pushed back after retraction)

从 1.0mm 距离、40 mm/s 速度开始。运行回抽测试塔（Orca Slicer → 校准 → 回抽塔）。检查每个段落的拉丝情况。如果拉丝持续存在，以 0.1mm 为增量增加距离，最高至 1.5mm。如果出现耗材磨损（挤出机发出咔嗒声、驱动齿轮周围有粉末），请减小距离或速度。

Bowden 挤出回抽（远程配置，如龙门架上的 Orbiter）

对于Bowden或远程直驱配置（挤出机和热端之间有200-400mm的PTFE管），回抽距离更大，因为耗材必须压缩/拉伸整个Bowden管：

• 回抽距离： 2-5mm
• 回抽速度： 40-60 mm/s
• 回抽恢复速度： 25-45 mm/s (slower to prevent overshooting)

从3.0mm、50 mm/s开始。运行相同的回抽测试塔。Bowden配置更容易出现与回抽相关的问题，如耗材磨损和喷嘴堵塞，因为更长的耗材路径会产生更多摩擦和滞后。

特定热端回抽设置

Different hotends have different internal geometries that significantly affect the optimal retraction distance. Using too much retraction on a hotend with a short melt zone can actuallyworsen stringing by pulling molten filament into the heat break, where it can cool and clog.

最常见的错误： Using retraction distances from your previous printer or a generic profile. The Revo Voron in particular is sensitive to over-retraction — users coming from a V6 (2-3mm retraction) often set 2mm on their Revo and immediately get heat-break clogs.

Wipe and Coast设置s

In addition to retraction, slicers offerwipe andcoast settings that further reduce stringing and oozing by managing the nozzle path at the end of each extrusion segment.

Wipe (Orca Slicer, SuperSlicer, Cura)： After completing a perimeter, the nozzle continues moving along the same path for a short distance while retracting. This "wipes" any excess filament off the nozzle tip against the print wall. 推荐： enable wipe with a distance of 2-5mm. In Orca Slicer, this is found under Filament Settings → Retraction → Wipe while retracting.

Coast (SuperSlicer, PrusaSlicer)： Before the end of a perimeter, the extruder stops pushing filament while the nozzle continues moving. The residual pressure in the melt zone completes the extrusion. This reduces the blob at the end of a perimeter that causes stringing on the next travel move. Recommended: coast distance of 0.2-0.5mm. Start small — too much coasting causes underextrusion at seam points.

移动速度优化

打印头在两点之间移动越快，熔融耗材渗漏和形成拉丝的时间就越少。移动速度是最被低估的减少拉丝参数之一。

推荐移动速度： 200-350 mm/s. On a Voron V2.4 with a Stealthburner toolhead, 250 mm/s travel speed is a safe starting point. On a lightweight V0.2 with a MiniSB, you can push 300+ mm/s.

移动加速度： Set travel acceleration to 5,000-10,000 mm/s² — significantly higher than print acceleration. This ensures the nozzle reaches travel speed quickly, minimizing the time spent at low speeds where oozing is worst.

在Klipper中，可以在printer.cfg中设置特定于移动的加速度：

printer.cfg:
[toolhead]
max_velocity: 300
max_accel: 10000
max_accel_to_decel: 10000
square_corner_velocity: 5.0

In your slicer, set travel speed separately from print speed. In Orca Slicer: Speed → Travel → 250 mm/s. Enable "Retract on layer change" only if you see stringing specifically at Z-seam points.

Z-Hop 与无 Z-Hop 对比

Z-hop（在移动过程中略微抬起喷嘴）在Voron社区中存在争议。它有助于防止喷嘴与已打印部件碰撞，但会引入两个问题：

• 打印时间增加： Each Z-hop adds the time needed to lift and lower the Z axis. On a V2.4 with a 350mm bed, this adds significant time to prints with many travel moves.
• Z轴带状纹路： Frequent Z-axis movement can amplify Z-banding or Z-wobble if your lead screws aren't perfectly aligned.

何时使用Z-hop： Only if you see the nozzle dragging through printed parts during travel moves, or if you're printing with materials prone to curling (ABS, Nylon, PC). Keep Z-hop to 0.1-0.5mm maximum — anything higher is wasted time with no benefit.

何时跳过Z-hop： For PLA and PETG prints with good bed adhesion, Z-hop is usually unnecessary and adds time and potential artifacts. Disable it entirely and rely on retraction + travel speed.

回抽额外挤出量

回抽后，挤出机将耗材推回以重新加压熔融区，然后开始下一次挤出。“额外回抽前挤出量”设置会添加少量额外耗材，以补偿可能在移动过程中渗漏或因回抽压缩而损失的耗材。

Recommended: 0.0-0.2mm³ (equivalent to about 0-0.1mm of filament on a 1.75mm filament). Start at 0.0mm³. If you see small gaps or underextrusion at the beginning of perimeters after travel moves, increase by 0.02mm³ increments. If you see blobs or zits at the restart point, decrease or set to 0.

G-Code 调整 — 固件回抽

Klipper supportsfirmware retraction via the M207 and M208 G-codes. This allows the firmware to handle retraction directly rather than relying on the slicer's retraction G-code. The advantage is consistent retraction behavior across all slicer profiles.

Klipper firmware retraction settings:
[gcode_macro M207]
gcode:
  SET_RETRACTION RETRACT_LENGTH=1.0  ; adjust per hotend
                   RETRACT_SPEED=40
                   UNRETRACT_EXTRA_LENGTH=0
                   UNRETRACT_SPEED=25

[gcode_macro M208]
gcode:
  SET_RETRACTION RETRACT=0

To use firmware retraction, add the following to your slicer's start G-code:

; Orca Slicer / SuperSlicer / PrusaSlicer:
M207 S1.0 F3000 T1  ; retract 1.0mm at 50mm/s (3000mm/min)
M208 S25 F1500 T0    ; deretract at 25mm/s (1500mm/min)

注意： If you use firmware retraction, disable the slicer's retraction settings — otherwise both systems will retract, doubling the retraction distance and potentially causing jams.

Orca Slicer还支持“固件回抽”开关（耗材设置 → 回抽 → 固件回抽）。启用此选项会告诉切片器输出M207/M208代码，而不是显式的G1 E-...回抽。这使您能够通过Klipper控制台实时调整回抽，而无需重新切片。

完整调校流程

以下是消除Voron上拉丝和渗漏的建议步骤：

1. 干燥你的耗材 — use the temperature/time table above. This alone fixes 50% of stringing issues.
2. 运行温度塔测试 — find the minimum temperature that produces strong, well-bonded layers.
3. 为你的热端设置正确的回抽 — use the hotend-specific table above. Don't guess based on your previous printer.
4. 运行回抽距离塔测试 — start at the minimum recommended distance for your hotend and increase in 0.1mm increments until stringing disappears or grinding begins.
5. 运行回抽速度塔测试 — start at 30 mm/s and increase in 5 mm/s increments up to 60 mm/s. Watch for grinding at high speeds.
6. 启用擦拭功能 — set wipe while retracting to ON with 2-5mm distance.
7. 将移动速度设置为 250 mm/s 或更高 — reduce the time window for string formation.
8. 通过实际打印进行测试 — use a stringing test model (like the "retraction test" in Orca Slicer's calibration menu).

If stringing persists after all these steps, the issue is almost certainly潮湿的耗材. Dry it again — longer, at a slightly higher temperature (within safe limits), and consider using a dry box for printing.