Voron Bed Leveling Guide — Perfect First Layers Every Time

故障排查 校准 Bed Leveling

A perfect first layer is the foundation of every successful 3D print. On Voron printers, bed leveling involves multiple systems working together: mechanical adjustment, probe-based leveling, bed mesh compensation, and Z offset tuning. This guide covers every method for every Voron model — from the single-Z V0.2 to the quad-gantry V2.4. 最后更新：2025 年 5 月。

开始前：将打印机加热至打印温度（ABS/ASA材料：热床100°C，热端245°C）。热膨胀会使间隙变化0.05-0.15mm——足以导致冷态调平的床面打印效果不佳。务必在热态下调平。

Bed Leveling Systems by Voron 机型

每种Voron变体使用不同的调平方法。了解您的具体系统是第一步。

步骤 1：Z Offset 校准

Z轴偏移是探针触发时喷嘴与床面之间的距离。在进行任何其他调平步骤之前，正确设置此值至关重要。

纸张法 — 初步定位

1. Heat the bed to 100°C and hotend to 245°C
2. Home the printer: G28
3. Move the toolhead to the center of the bed: G1 X150 Y150 F3000 (adjust coordinates for your bed size)
4. Run PROBE_CALIBRATE — Klipper will probe the bed and move the nozzle to the probe Z height
5. 在喷嘴和床之间放置一张标准打印纸（0.08-0.1mm）
6. Use the TESTZ Z=-0.1 and TESTZ Z=0.1 commands to micro-adjust the nozzle position
7. 当喷嘴夹住纸张且略有阻力时（可拉动纸张但感到拖拽感），Z 偏移已接近正确值
8. Run ACCEPT and then SAVE_CONFIG to store the value

纸张法可将精度控制在0.05-0.1mm范围内。最终调校时，请使用实时第一层测试。

实时 Z 调整 — 微调

在正常打印温度下打印一个100x100mm的单层方块。观察挤出情况：

• 过高： Lines are round, separate, and don't touch each other. Gaps between lines. Poor bed adhesion. Solution: lower Z by SET_GCODE_OFFSET Z_ADJUST=-0.02 and reprint.
• 过低： Lines are translucent, the nozzle drags through the filament, and the surface is rough. The nozzle may scrape the PEI sheet. Solution: raise Z by SET_GCODE_OFFSET Z_ADJUST=0.02 and reprint.
• 正好： Lines are slightly squished together with a smooth matte finish. No gaps between lines. The surface looks uniform with a subtle satin sheen.

Adjust in 0.01-0.02mm increments. Voron printers are sensitive enough that 0.01mm makes a visible difference. Once the first layer looks perfect, note the Z_ADJUST value and add it to your PROBE_CALIBRATE Z offset, or save it in your PRINT_START macro.

专业提示： Always do Z offset adjustment at the same bed temperature. A cold vs. hot Z offset can differ by 0.1mm due to thermal expansion of the bed, frame, and nozzle.

步骤 2：Bed Mesh 校准

床网可创建床面的3D地图，并补偿翘曲、倾斜和局部偏差。所有Voron型号均需此步骤。

运行 Bed Mesh

1. 将热床加热至打印温度（ABS 为 100°C）——热床受热会变形，需在目标温度下校准
2. Run BED_MESH_CALIBRATE
3. Recommended grid sizes: 5x5 for V0.2, 7x7 for V2.4/Trident 250, 9x9 for V2.4 350 (larger beds need more probe points)
4. After calibration, visualize the mesh: BED_MESH_OUTPUT PGP=1
5. If deviations are under 0.2mm, save the profile: BED_MESH_PROFILE SAVE=default
6. Add BED_MESH_PROFILE LOAD=default to your PRINT_START macro

解读您的 Bed Mesh

PGP输出将床面可视化为等高线图。需关注以下内容：

• < 0.1mm 总偏差： Excellent. Your bed is very flat, your frame is square, and your gantry is well-aligned. The mesh is just fine-tuning.
• 0.1-0.3mm 总偏差： Good. This is normal for most Voron beds. The mesh will compensate fine.
• 0.3-0.5mm 总偏差： Acceptable but worth investigating. Check frame squareness, bed mounting screws, and gantry alignment.
• > 0.5mm 总偏差： Something is mechanically wrong. The bed may be warped, the frame may not be square, or the gantry may be tilted. Fix the mechanical issue before relying on mesh compensation.

常见错误：未先进行龙门架调平就运行床网。如果龙门架倾斜，床网会显示虚假坡度，虽然网格可以补偿——但更好的做法是修正倾斜并运行更平坦的网格。务必在床网之前进行龙门架调平。

步骤 3：Screw Tilt Adjust — Trident 和 V2.4

螺丝倾斜调整使用探针测量床面相对于喷嘴的倾斜度，并精确告知您需要旋转每个调平螺丝的量。这自动化了繁琐的手动调平过程。

配置

Add a [screws_tilt_adjust] section to your printer.cfg with the screw positions for your build plate. Example for a V2.4 350:

[screws_tilt_adjust]
screw1: 30, 30
screw2: 320, 30
screw3: 320, 320
screw4: 30, 320
screw_thread: CW-M5

The coordinates are the X,Y positions of each bed screw. Use CW-M5 for clockwise M5 screws (standard Voron bed screws).

步骤

1. Run G28 to home the printer
2. Run SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE — Klipper will probe each screw position and report the required adjustment
3. Klipper output example: "screw1: 0.10 turns CW, screw2: -0.05 turns CCW, screw3: 0.00, screw4: 0.02 turns CW"
4. 按指定量旋转每个螺丝。标准 M5 螺丝旋转一整圈（360°）可改变高度约 0.8mm
5. Re-run SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE and repeat until all screws show < 0.05 turns (i.e., the bed is level within ~0.04mm)

专业提示： Use a screwdriver with a marked handle or a digital angle gauge to count partial turns accurately. Mark the starting position of each screw with a piece of tape so you can track how much you've turned them.

步骤 4：Gantry 调平 — Trident (Z_TILT_ADJUST)

Trident's triple Z system uses three independent Z motors. The gantry can tilt in any direction, and Z_TILT_ADJUST corrects this automatically.

前提条件

• 三个 Z 电机必须正确接线并按正确方向运动
• Z 限位开关已安装并正常工作（通常为探头式或开关式 Z 限位）
• Your printer.cfg has a [z_tilt] section with probe points defined

步骤

1. Run G28 to home the printer
2. Run Z_TILT_ADJUST — Klipper will probe at the defined points and adjust each Z motor independently
3. 检查输出：龙门架应与热床平行，误差在 0.02-0.05mm 内
4. Run Z_TILT_ADJUST again to verify — the adjustments should be very small (< 0.02mm) on the second pass
5. Run SAVE_CONFIG to store the Z motor position offsets

重要： Z_TILT_ADJUST only works if the mechanical gantry is reasonably close to level. If one side is significantly higher than the other (more than 2-3mm), level the gantry manually first using paper feeler gauges under each corner, then run the auto-adjust.

步骤 5：Quad Gantry Leveling — V2.4

V2.4有四个独立的Z轴电机，每个角落一个。四龙门架调平（QGL）是使龙门架与框架顶部平行的过程。

前提条件

• 四个 Z 电机接线正确且运动正常——按 Voron 接线图确认 "Z1" 为左后、"Z2" 右后、"Z3" 右前、"Z4" 左前
• Z 皮带张力均匀——皮带松弛会导致调平结果不一致
• Your printer.cfg has a [quad_gantry_level] section with correct screw positions

步骤

1. Run G28 to home all axes
2. Run QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL — Klipper will probe at all four gantry points and adjust each Z motor
3. 输出显示对每个 Z 电机施加的调整量（以步数或毫米为单位）
4. Re-run QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL to verify — the adjustment on the second run should be near zero
5. 如果第二次运行显示显著调整（> 0.1mm），则存在机械问题：检查皮带张力、Z 电机安装紧固度以及龙门架方正度
6. Once stable, run SAVE_CONFIG to save the Z offset values

常见 QGL 问题

• QGL 失败，出现“did not level successfully”错误： One of your Z motors is too far out of alignment. Manually level the gantry using paper feeler gauges first, then re-run QGL. If a motor is consistently problematic, check the motor wiring or belt path.
• QGL 完成，但第一层仍然不均匀： Your bed itself may be tilted. Run SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE after QGL to verify the bed is level relative to the gantry. If the bed is tilted, you need both QGL (for gantry) and screw tilt adjust (for bed).
• QGL 后龙门架卡住： The gantry may have been racked before leveling. Loosen the Z belt tension on all four corners, manually square the gantry by measuring diagonals, re-tension evenly, then run QGL again.

完整调平顺序（推荐顺序）

为获得最佳效果，请按顺序执行以下步骤。每个步骤假设前一步已完成。

1. 机械检查： Frame square, gantry racking, belt tension (see our calibration guide)
2. 龙门架调平： Z_TILT_ADJUST (Trident) or QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL (V2.4) — skip for V0.2
3. 螺丝倾斜调整： SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE — manual bed leveling for V0.2
4. Z 偏移： PROBE_CALIBRATE + paper method + live adjustment
5. 床网： BED_MESH_CALIBRATE + save profile
6. 第一层测试： Print a single-layer square and verify quality

故障排查流程图

首层过扁（线条半透明，喷嘴刮擦）

→ Increase Z offset by +0.02mm using SET_GCODE_OFFSET Z_ADJUST=0.02
→ Re-test with a first-layer square
→ If still too squished, try +0.04mm
→ If overshoots (gaps appear), dial back to +0.02mm refinement

首层过高（线条圆形且有间隙，附着力差）

→ Decrease Z offset by -0.02mm using SET_GCODE_OFFSET Z_ADJUST=-0.02
→ Re-test with a first-layer square
→ Continue in -0.02mm steps until lines are slightly squished together
→ If you overshoot and get scraping, increase by +0.01mm

首层在热床上不均匀（中心良好，边缘不佳）

→ Run BED_MESH_CALIBRATE — your mesh may be outdated
→ Run SCREWS_TILT_CALCULATE — the bed may be tilted relative to the gantry
→ If on V2.4, run QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL — the gantry may not be parallel to the frame
→ Check that the build plate is clean and free of debris under the spring steel sheet

Mesh 显示一致倾斜（一个角始终偏高）

→ The gantry is tilted. Run gantry leveling (Z_TILT_ADJUST or QUAD_GANTRY_LEVEL)
→ If leveling doesn't fix it, check that all Z motors are moving the correct direction
→ Verify Z belt tension is even on all sides

Mesh 显示马鞍形（中心低于边缘，或反之）

→ The build plate is warped. This is normal for cast aluminum tooling plates — they often have a slight bow
→ The bed mesh will compensate for up to 0.3-0.4mm easily
→ If the warp is > 0.5mm, consider replacing the build plate or using a cast aluminum plate (MIC6) instead of a stamped steel one

QGL 在同一电机上反复失败

→ Check that Z motor connection is secure
→ Check that Z belt isn't slipping on the pulley — tighten the pulley set screw
→ Verify motor driver current is adequate (0.8-1.2A for typical NEMA17 Z motors)
→ Mechanical binding: move the gantry up and down by hand at that corner and feel for resistance

高级技巧

热床 Mesh：热态 vs. 冷态

始终在打印温度下运行床网。铝制打印平台从室温到100°C会膨胀，形状可能变化0.1-0.2mm。室温下创建的网格在热打印时不准。一些用户创建两个网格配置文件——一个用于ABS（100°C），一个用于PLA（60°C）——并在切片软件的起始G代码中切换使用。

Adaptive Bed Mesh

Klipper supports adaptive bed meshing, which only probes the area where your print will be. This is faster and more accurate because it focuses probe points on the print area. Add ADAPTIVE=1 to your BED_MESH_CALIBRATE command within your PRINT_START macro after you know the print's bounding box. This gives you finer resolution where it matters.

Virtual Endstop 与 Hardware Endstop

Voron printers typically use a hardware Z endstop on the V0.2 (a microswitch on the bed) and probe-based virtual endstops on Trident and V2.4 (using the nozzle probe or inductive probe as the Z reference). If you're using a virtual endstop, make sure [safe_z_home] is configured correctly in your printer.cfg, or the printer will home Z at an undefined position.